Eine über 12 Monate dauernde Studie zeigte, dass jeder Mensch auf eine Diät anders reagiert. Über einen 12-monatigen Zeitraum verfolgte man das Gewicht, die Körperzusammensetzung, Insulin-Ausgangsspiegel und wie viele Gramm Fett oder Kohlenhydrate die Studienteilnehmer täglich verzehrten. Am Ende der Studie hatten Personen in beiden Gruppen im Durchschnitt 6 kg verloren. Es gab jedoch immer noch immense Variabilität bei der Gewichtsabnahme, einige fielen um 27 kg, während andere 8 oder 9 kg zunahmen.
Das wichtigste Ergebnis dieser Studie ist, dass das Ergebnis zur Gewichtsreduktion, bei einer fettarmen oder einer kohlenhydratarmen Diät ähnlich ist.
Die allgemeine Empfehlung lautet, weniger Zucker, weniger raffiniertes Mehl und so viel wie möglich Gemüse zu essen, weiters ist Vollwertkost zu bevorzugen. Am meisten verloren die Studienteilnehmer an Gewicht, wenn sie mehr darüber nachgedacht haben, was sie essen.
JAMA. 2018 Feb 20;319(7):667-679. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.0245.
Effect of Low-Fat vs Low-Carbohydrate Diet on 12-Month Weight Loss in Overweight Adults and the Association With Genotype Pattern or Insulin Secretion: The DIETFITS Randomized Clinical Trial.
Gardner CD1, Trepanowski JF1, Del Gobbo LC1, Hauser ME1, Rigdon J2, Ioannidis JPA1,3,4,5, Desai M2,3,4,5, King AC1,3.
Abstract
Importance:
Dietary modification remains key to successful weight loss. Yet, no one dietary strategy is consistently superior to others for the general population. Previous research suggests genotype or insulin-glucose dynamics may modify the effects of diets.
Objective:
To determine the effect of a healthy low-fat (HLF) diet vs a healthy low-carbohydrate (HLC) diet on weight change and if genotype pattern or insulin secretion are related to the dietary effects on weight loss.
Design, Setting, and Participants:
The Diet Intervention Examining The Factors Interacting with Treatment Success (DIETFITS) randomized clinical trial included 609 adults aged 18 to 50 years without diabetes with a body mass index between 28 and 40. The trial enrollment was from January 29, 2013, through April 14, 2015; the date of final follow-up was May 16, 2016. Participants were randomized to the 12-month HLF or HLC diet. The study also tested whether 3 single-nucleotide polymorphism multilocus genotype responsiveness patterns or insulin secretion (INS-30; blood concentration of insulin 30 minutes after a glucose challenge) were associated with weight loss.
Interventions:
Health educators delivered the behavior modification intervention to HLF (n = 305) and HLC (n = 304) participants via 22 diet-specific small group sessions administered over 12 months. The sessions focused on ways to achieve the lowest fat or carbohydrate intake that could be maintained long-term and emphasized diet quality.
Main Outcomes and Measures:
Primary outcome was 12-month weight change and determination of whether there were significant interactions among diet type and genotype pattern, diet and insulin secretion, and diet and weight loss.
Results:
Among 609 participants randomized (mean age, 40 [SD, 7] years; 57% women; mean body mass index, 33 [SD, 3]; 244 [40%] had a low-fat genotype; 180 [30%] had a low-carbohydrate genotype; mean baseline INS-30, 93 μIU/mL), 481 (79%) completed the trial. In the HLF vs HLC diets, respectively, the mean 12-month macronutrient distributions were 48% vs 30% for carbohydrates, 29% vs 45% for fat, and 21% vs 23% for protein. Weight change at 12 months was -5.3 kg for the HLF diet vs -6.0 kg for the HLC diet (mean between-group difference, 0.7 kg [95% CI, -0.2 to 1.6 kg]). There was no significant diet-genotype pattern interaction (P = .20) or diet-insulin secretion (INS-30) interaction (P = .47) with 12-month weight loss. There were 18 adverse events or serious adverse events that were evenly distributed across the 2 diet groups.
Conclusions and Relevance:
In this 12-month weight loss diet study, there was no significant difference in weight change between a healthy low-fat diet vs a healthy low-carbohydrate diet, and neither genotype pattern nor baseline insulin secretion was associated with the dietary effects on weight loss. In the context of these 2 common weight loss diet approaches, neither of the 2 hypothesized predisposing factors was helpful in identifying which diet was better for whom
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